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tour.name = Carmo VR
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Earthquake Tensile Stress
Earthquake loading: tensile stresses
Masonry may easily crack for low values of load due to the low tensile strength of the stones and mortar joints. This aspect makes masonry structures particularly vulnerable to earthquakes, which impose horizontal loading onto structures that are better designed to sustain vertical actions. This image shows in red those areas that are subjected to high tensile stresses and are prone to cracking. The analysis predicts that the structure will crack for very low values of horizontal load.
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Earthquake Tensile Stress
Earthquake loading: tensile stresses
Masonry may easily crack for low values of load due to the low tensile strength of the stones and mortar joints. This aspect makes masonry structures particularly vulnerable to earthquakes, which impose horizontal loading onto structures that are better designed to sustain vertical actions. This image shows in red those areas that are subjected to high tensile stresses and are prone to cracking. The analysis predicts that the structure will crack for very low values of horizontal load.
3D finite element model
The model represents the three columns we inspected on-site
3D finite element model of the northern arcade. The geometry is obtained from the photogrammetry carried out. The finite element model allows to perform structural analysis of the arcade. We can subject the structure to different types of loading (e.g. gravity or earthquake loading) and understand the behavior of the arcade: its capacity, resisting mechanisms and vulnerable areas.
3D finite element model
The model represents the three columns we inspected on-site
3D finite element model of the northern arcade. The geometry is obtained from the photogrammetry carried out. The finite element model allows to perform structural analysis of the arcade. We can subject the structure to different types of loading (e.g. gravity or earthquake loading) and understand the behavior of the arcade: its capacity, resisting mechanisms and vulnerable areas.
THERMOGRAPHY
Analyses
Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal video and thermal imaging, is a process where a thermal camera captures and creates an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object in a process, which are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms.
THERMOGRAPHY
Analyses
Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal video and thermal imaging, is a process where a thermal camera captures and creates an image of an object by using infrared radiation emitted from the object in a process, which are examples of infrared imaging science. Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nanometers or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms.
FINITE ELEMENT
Analyses
The finite element method (FEM) is a widely used method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential.
The FEM is a general numerical method for solving partial differential equations in two or three space variables (i.e., some boundary value problems). To solve a problem, the FEM subdivides a large system into smaller, simpler parts that are called finite elements. This is achieved by a particular space discretization in the space dimensions, which is implemented by the construction of a mesh of the object: the numerical domain for the solution, which has a finite number of points. The finite element method formulation of a boundary value problem finally results in a system of algebraic equations. The method approximates the unknown function over the domain.[1] The simple equations that model these finite elements are then assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem. The FEM then approximates a solution by minimizing an associated error function via the calculus of variations.
FINITE ELEMENT
Analyses
The finite element method (FEM) is a widely used method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential.
The FEM is a general numerical method for solving partial differential equations in two or three space variables (i.e., some boundary value problems). To solve a problem, the FEM subdivides a large system into smaller, simpler parts that are called finite elements. This is achieved by a particular space discretization in the space dimensions, which is implemented by the construction of a mesh of the object: the numerical domain for the solution, which has a finite number of points. The finite element method formulation of a boundary value problem finally results in a system of algebraic equations. The method approximates the unknown function over the domain.[1] The simple equations that model these finite elements are then assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem. The FEM then approximates a solution by minimizing an associated error function via the calculus of variations.
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Gravity loading
Gravity loading: displacements
These types of arch structures have a significant capacity under vertical loading, such as gravity. The colors show the displacements that the structure will suffer under gravity loading. Greatest displacements occur at the top of the arches, which is the most flexible part of the structure.
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Gravity loading
Gravity loading: displacements
These types of arch structures have a significant capacity under vertical loading, such as gravity. The colors show the displacements that the structure will suffer under gravity loading. Greatest displacements occur at the top of the arches, which is the most flexible part of the structure.
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GPR analyses
Cross-section of the base column obtained with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Column 02
GPR is a non-destructive technique that consist in the illumination with high frequency electromagnetic waves of the inspected object. Different electromagnetic properties and discontinuities produce reflections that allows to characterize the internal structure.
Figures shows GPR slices of the base column (taken every 10 cm in height). The different attenuation of the electromagnetic signals in the limestone that form the external part of the base column, represented with bluish colours, and the centre of the base column, that is usually made of compressed sand, gravel, and little stones, in reddish colours.
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GPR analyses
Cross-section of the base column obtained with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Column 02
GPR is a non-destructive technique that consist in the illumination with high frequency electromagnetic waves of the inspected object. Different electromagnetic properties and discontinuities produce reflections that allows to characterize the internal structure.
Figures shows GPR slices of the base column (taken every 10 cm in height). The different attenuation of the electromagnetic signals in the limestone that form the external part of the base column, represented with bluish colours, and the centre of the base column, that is usually made of compressed sand, gravel, and little stones, in reddish colours.
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GPR analyses
Cross-section of the base column obtained with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Column 01
GPR is a non-destructive technique that consist in the illumination with high frequency electromagnetic waves of the inspected object. Different electromagnetic properties and discontinuities produce reflections that allows to characterize the internal structure.
Figures shows GPR slices of the base column (taken every 10 cm in height). The different attenuation of the electromagnetic signals in the limestone that form the external part of the base column, represented with bluish colours, and the centre of the base column, that is usually made of compressed sand, gravel, and little stones, in reddish colours.
___
GPR analyses
Cross-section of the base column obtained with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Column 01
GPR is a non-destructive technique that consist in the illumination with high frequency electromagnetic waves of the inspected object. Different electromagnetic properties and discontinuities produce reflections that allows to characterize the internal structure.
Figures shows GPR slices of the base column (taken every 10 cm in height). The different attenuation of the electromagnetic signals in the limestone that form the external part of the base column, represented with bluish colours, and the centre of the base column, that is usually made of compressed sand, gravel, and little stones, in reddish colours.
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Gravity loading
Gravity loading: compressive stresses
The good behavior of arched masonry structures is due to the high compressive strength of the stones. The image shows in blue the areas subjected to high compressive stresses and in red those areas not subjected to compression.
Gravity loading: interior compressive
The structural analysis allows us also to understand the load path and stress distribution in the interior of the structure. The image shows the distribution of compressive stresses inside the columns and arches, showing in blue the most compressed areas
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Gravity loading
Gravity loading: compressive stresses
The good behavior of arched masonry structures is due to the high compressive strength of the stones. The image shows in blue the areas subjected to high compressive stresses and in red those areas not subjected to compression.
Gravity loading: interior compressive
The structural analysis allows us also to understand the load path and stress distribution in the interior of the structure. The image shows the distribution of compressive stresses inside the columns and arches, showing in blue the most compressed areas
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GPR analyses
Cross-section of the base column obtained with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Column 03
GPR is a non-destructive technique that consist in the illumination with high frequency electromagnetic waves of the inspected object. Different electromagnetic properties and discontinuities produce reflections that allows to characterize the internal structure.
Figures shows GPR slices of the base column (taken every 10 cm in height). The different attenuation of the electromagnetic signals in the limestone that form the external part of the base column, represented with bluish colours, and the centre of the base column, that is usually made of compressed sand, gravel, and little stones, in reddish colours.
___
GPR analyses
Cross-section of the base column obtained with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Column 03
GPR is a non-destructive technique that consist in the illumination with high frequency electromagnetic waves of the inspected object. Different electromagnetic properties and discontinuities produce reflections that allows to characterize the internal structure.
Figures shows GPR slices of the base column (taken every 10 cm in height). The different attenuation of the electromagnetic signals in the limestone that form the external part of the base column, represented with bluish colours, and the centre of the base column, that is usually made of compressed sand, gravel, and little stones, in reddish colours.
___
Gravity loading
Gravity loading: tensile stresses
Masonry structures are particularly vulnerable in tension. This image shows in red those areas that are subjected to high tensile stresses and are thus prone to cracking.
Gravity loading: interior tensile stresses
The structural analysis allows us also to understand the load path and stress distribution in the interior of the structure. The image shows the distribution of tensile stresses inside the columns and arches, showing in red the areas subjected to high tensile stresses and more prone to cracking.
___
Gravity loading
Gravity loading: tensile stresses
Masonry structures are particularly vulnerable in tension. This image shows in red those areas that are subjected to high tensile stresses and are thus prone to cracking.
Gravity loading: interior tensile stresses
The structural analysis allows us also to understand the load path and stress distribution in the interior of the structure. The image shows the distribution of tensile stresses inside the columns and arches, showing in red the areas subjected to high tensile stresses and more prone to cracking.
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Ultrasonic Tomography
Tomographic images of drum N 7. Column 02
There is an added element in the south side of the column, possibly repaired due to degradation issues. Pictures show (in false colour) the wave attenuation in different slices. Bluish colours (low attenuation values) indicate a uniform homogenous material while the reddish ones (high attenuation values) reveal the presence of defects or voids in the stone structure. Drum 7 presents more attenuation in its upper half compared with the lower one.
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Ultrasonic Tomography
Tomographic images of drum N 7. Column 02
There is an added element in the south side of the column, possibly repaired due to degradation issues. Pictures show (in false colour) the wave attenuation in different slices. Bluish colours (low attenuation values) indicate a uniform homogenous material while the reddish ones (high attenuation values) reveal the presence of defects or voids in the stone structure. Drum 7 presents more attenuation in its upper half compared with the lower one.
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Ultrasonic Tomography
Tomographic images of drum N 11. Column 03
Pictures show (in false colour) the wave attenuation in different slices. Bluish colours (low attenuation values) indicate a uniform homogenous material while the reddish ones (high attenuation values) reveal the presence of defects or voids in the stone structure. Drum 11 has a surface crack which can observed with naked eye, however; tomographic images clarify the crack’s depth as well as its geometry.
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Ultrasonic Tomography
Tomographic images of drum N 11. Column 03
Pictures show (in false colour) the wave attenuation in different slices. Bluish colours (low attenuation values) indicate a uniform homogenous material while the reddish ones (high attenuation values) reveal the presence of defects or voids in the stone structure. Drum 11 has a surface crack which can observed with naked eye, however; tomographic images clarify the crack’s depth as well as its geometry.
TOMOGRAPHY
Analyses
Ultrasonic tomography is a non-destructive technique that allows internal cross section structures visualization. To obtain a tomographic image is necessary to emit and receive multiple ultrasonic waves covering all cross section. Faults, cracks or discontinuities detection are improved by tomographic analyses.
TOMOGRAPHY
Analyses
Ultrasonic tomography is a non-destructive technique that allows internal cross section structures visualization. To obtain a tomographic image is necessary to emit and receive multiple ultrasonic waves covering all cross section. Faults, cracks or discontinuities detection are improved by tomographic analyses.
Ground Pnetrating Radar
Analyses
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It is a non-intrusive method of surveying the sub-surface to investigate underground utilities such as concrete, asphalt, metals, pipes, cables or masonry. This nondestructive method uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio spectrum, and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures. GPR can have applications in a variety of media, including rock, soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and structures. In the right conditions, practitioners can use GPR to detect subsurface objects, changes in material properties, and voids and cracks.
Ground Pnetrating Radar
Analyses
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It is a non-intrusive method of surveying the sub-surface to investigate underground utilities such as concrete, asphalt, metals, pipes, cables or masonry. This nondestructive method uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio spectrum, and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures. GPR can have applications in a variety of media, including rock, soil, ice, fresh water, pavements and structures. In the right conditions, practitioners can use GPR to detect subsurface objects, changes in material properties, and voids and cracks.
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Earthquake Displacement
The northern arcade is subjected to gravity loading to better understand its structural behavior.
Under earthquake horizontal loading, these types of arch structures are particularly vulnerable. This is due to their slenderness and the low capacity in tension. The image shows the structure subjected to horizontal loading perpendicular to the arches’ direction. As expected, the greatest displacements (shown in red) occur at the top of the arches.
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Earthquake Displacement
The northern arcade is subjected to gravity loading to better understand its structural behavior.
Under earthquake horizontal loading, these types of arch structures are particularly vulnerable. This is due to their slenderness and the low capacity in tension. The image shows the structure subjected to horizontal loading perpendicular to the arches’ direction. As expected, the greatest displacements (shown in red) occur at the top of the arches.
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Earthquake Crack
The earthquake is simulated as an horizontal load applied to the northern arcade.
Masonry may easily crack for low values of load due to the low tensile strength of the stones and mortar joints. This aspect makes masonry structures particularly vulnerable to earthquakes, which impose horizontal loading onto structures that are better designed to sustain vertical actions. This image shows where damage (cracks) would arise under earthquake loading. Red areas are the most damaged areas, but blue areas will also show cracking.
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Earthquake Crack
The earthquake is simulated as an horizontal load applied to the northern arcade.
Masonry may easily crack for low values of load due to the low tensile strength of the stones and mortar joints. This aspect makes masonry structures particularly vulnerable to earthquakes, which impose horizontal loading onto structures that are better designed to sustain vertical actions. This image shows where damage (cracks) would arise under earthquake loading. Red areas are the most damaged areas, but blue areas will also show cracking.